A review and new perspective on oral bacteriophages: manifestations in the ecology of oral diseases.

Objective: To explore the manifestations of bacteriophages in different oral disease ecologies, including periodontal diseases, dental caries, endodontic infections, and oral cancer, as well as to propel phage therapy for safer and more effective clinical application in the field of dentistry. Methods: In this literature review, we outlined interactions between bacteriophages, bacteria and even oral cells in the oral ecosystem, especially in disease states. We also analyzed the current status and future prospects of phage therapy in the perspective of different oral diseases. Results: Various oral bacteriophages targeting at periodontal pathogens as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans, endodontic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis were predicted or isolated, providing promising options for phage therapy. In the realm of oral cancer, aside from displaying tumor antigens or participating in tumor-targeted therapies, phage-like particle vaccines demonstrated the potential to prevent oral infections caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) associated with head-and-neck cancers. Conclusion: Due to their intricate interactions with bacteria and oral cells, bacteriophages are closely linked to the progression and regression of diverse oral diseases. And there is an urgent need for research to explore additional possibilities of bacteriophages in the management of oral diseases.

A 12-year follow up of principles learned in a pediatric dentistry Master of Public Health dual degree program applied to professional practice.

Introduction: Dental public health professionals play a critical role in preventing and controlling oral diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess the application of public health principles learned in a pediatric dentistry Master of Public Health (MPH) dual degree program to professional practice upon graduation. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with pediatric dentistry/MPH dual degree alumni who graduated from the program between 2012 and 2023. Interview questions inquired about characteristics of patient population, location of providers' clinic/organization, whether the program was worthwhile to their practice and application of principles learned in the program to their professional practice. Results: Twenty of the 22 program alumni agreed to be interviewed. All alumni thought the program was extremely worthwhile to their practice. They felt the MPH component of the program gave them the public health background and tools they needed to provide comprehensive and holistic care to their patients. Additionally, all alumni reported applying the public health principles they learned in the program to their professional practice through leadership roles, research and teaching that focuses on oral disease prevention and the promotion of dental health. Discussion: Given the importance of a dental public health professionals' role in reducing oral health disparities at the population level, more pediatric dentistry MPH dual degree programs are urgently needed. Additionally, more research is necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of these programs, which will be critical to helping ensure the value of a dual degree in dentistry and public health is recognized and promoted worldwide.

Evaluation of oral health among people with multimorbidity in the marginalized population of Karachi, Pakistan: A multicenter cross-sectional study.

Background: Oral health is linked to physical and mental well-being. Oral disease is common among poor and socioeconomically disadvantaged people in developing and industrialized countries. Objectives: This study assessed the oral health disease burden among people with multimorbidity in marginalized populations. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted across 16 locations in the slums of Karachi, Pakistan, to assess oral health disease problems among adults aged 18 to 70 with comorbidity or multimorbidity. The questionnaire covered the socioethnic, demographic, and disease status of people with oral health status. Data analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4. Results: Of the 16 designated slum locations, 870 individuals were considered for oral health screening. Gingivitis was highly prevalent, 29% among slum dwellers with multimorbidity of diabetes, hepatitis, and hypertension. Dandasa was widely used as a tooth-cleansing agent in 35% of the study population. By contrast, 45.4% of people showed unsatisfactory oral hygiene conditions. Pathan ethnicity showed the highest prevalence (i.e., 29.8% of dental problems with disease multimorbidity in 26.8% of Baldia Town residents of Karachi). Of the 870 individuals, the highest frequency of dental problems was found in the age group of 18-38 years (28-42.9%) and among female participants (53.8%). Conclusion: There is an urgent need for the global enhancement of public health programs, specifically focusing on implementing effective strategies to prevent oral illnesses, promote oral health, and address other chronic diseases in basic healthcare settings. Enhancing oral health poses significant difficulties, especially in less developed nations.

OralExplorer: a web server for exploring the mechanisms of oral inflammatory diseases.

BACKGROUND: Oral inflammatory diseases are localized infectious diseases primarily caused by oral pathogens with the potential for serious systemic complications. However, publicly available datasets for these diseases are underutilized. To address this issue, a web tool called OralExplorer was developed. This tool integrates the available data and provides comprehensive online bioinformatic analysis. METHODS: Human oral inflammatory disease-related datasets were obtained from the GEO database and normalized using a standardized process. Transcriptome data were then subjected to differential gene expression analysis, immune infiltration analysis, correlation analysis, pathway enrichment analysis, and visualization. The single-cell sequencing data was visualized as cluster plot, feature plot, and heatmaps. The web platform was primarily built using Shiny. The biomarkers identified in OralExplorer were validated using local clinical samples through qPCR and IHC. RESULTS: A total of 35 human oral inflammatory disease-related datasets, covering 6 main disease types and 901 samples, were included in the study to identify potential molecular signatures of the mechanisms of oral diseases. OralExplorer consists of 5 main analysis modules (differential gene expression analysis, immune infiltration analysis, correlation analysis, pathway enrichment analysis and single-cell analysis), with multiple visualization options. The platform offers a simple and intuitive interface, high-quality images for visualization, and detailed analysis results tables for easy access by users. Six markers (IL1ß, SRGN, CXCR1, FGR, ARHGEF2, and PTAFR) were identified by OralExplorer. qPCR- and IHC-based experimental validation showed significantly higher levels of these genes in the periodontitis group. CONCLUSIONS: OralExplorer is a comprehensive analytical platform for oral inflammatory diseases. It allows users to interactively explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the action and regression of these diseases. It also aids dental researchers in unlocking the potential value of transcriptomics data related to oral diseases. OralExplorer can be accessed at https://smuonco.shinyapps.io/OralExplorer/  (Alternate URL: http://robinl-lab.com/OralExplorer ).

Application of hydrogel microneedles in the oral cavity.

Microneedles are a transdermal drug delivery system in which the needle punctures the epithelium to deliver the drug directly to deep tissues, thus avoiding the influence of the first-pass effect of the gastrointestinal tract and minimizing the likelihood of pain induction. Hydrogel microneedles are microneedles prepared from hydrogels that have good biocompatibility, controllable mechanical properties, and controllable drug release and can be modified to achieve environmental control of drug release in vivo. The large epithelial tissue in the oral cavity is an ideal site for drug delivery via microneedles. Hydrogel microneedles can overcome mucosal hindrances to delivering drugs to deep tissues; this prevents humidity and a highly dynamic environment in the oral cavity from influencing the efficacy of the drugs and enables them to obtain better therapeutic effects. This article analyzes the materials and advantages of common hydrogel microneedles and reviews the application of hydrogel microneedles in the oral cavity.

Stratification of Fusobacterium nucleatum by local health status in the oral cavity defines its subspecies disease association.

The ubiquitous inflammophilic oral pathobiont Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is widely recognized for its strong association with inflammatory dysbiotic diseases and cancer. Fn is subdivided into four subspecies, which are historically considered functionally interchangeable in the oral cavity. To test this assumption, we analyzed patient-matched dental plaque and odontogenic abscess clinical specimens and examined whether an inflammatory environment selects for/against particular Fn subspecies. Dental plaque harbored a greater diversity of fusobacteria, with Fn. polymorphum dominating, whereas odontogenic abscesses were exceptionally biased for the largely uncharacterized organism Fn. animalis. Comparative genomic analyses revealed significant genotypic distinctions among Fn subspecies that correlate with their preferred ecological niches and support a taxonomic reassignment of each as a distinct Fusobacterium species. Despite originating as a low-abundance organism in dental plaque, Fn. animalis typically outcompetes other oral fusobacteria within the inflammatory abscess environment, which may explain its prevalence in other oral and extraoral diseases.

Association between oxidative stress and chronic orofacial pain and potential druggable targets: Evidence from a Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress indicators affect chronic orofacial pain (COFP), but how to reduce these effects is uncertain. OBJECTIVES: 11 oxidative stress biomarkers were collected as exposures, while four forms of COFP were chosen as outcomes for Mendelian randomization (MR) study. METHODS: The effect estimates between oxidative stress and COFP were calculated using inverse variance-weighted MR (IVW-MR). Then, functional mapping and annotation (FUMA) was utilized in order to carry out SNP-based functional enrichment analyses. In addition, the IVW-MR method was applied to combine effect estimates when using genetic variants associated with oxidative stress biomarkers as an instrument for exploring potential druggable targets. RESULTS: The results indicated that oxidative stress biomarkers (causal OR of uric acid (UA), 0.998 for myofascial pain, 95% CI 0.996-1.000, p < .05; and OR of glutathione transferase (GST), 1.002 for dentoalveolar pain, 95% CI 1.000-1.003, p < .05) were significantly linked with the probability of COFP. Functional analysis also demonstrated that UA and myofascial pain genes were prominent in nitrogen and uracil metabolism, while GST and dentoalveolar pain genes were enriched in glutathione metabolism. Also, the study provided evidence that solute carrier family 2 member 9 (SLC2A9) and glutathione S-transferase alpha 2 (GSTA2) cause discomfort in the myofascial pain (OR = 1.003, 95% CI 1.000-1.006; p < .05) and dentoalveolar region (OR = 1.001, 95% CI 1.000-1.002; p < .05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this MR study indicates that genetically predicted myofascial pain was significantly associated with decreased UA and dentoalveolar pain was significantly associated with increased GST level. SLC2A9 inhibitor and GSTA2 inhibitor were novel chronic orofacial pain therapies and biomarkers, but clinical trials are called to examine if these oxidative biomarkers have the protective effect against orofacial pain, and further research are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Risk factors and approaches for detection of Trichomonas tenax, the silent culprit in periodontal disease: A narrative review.

Introduction: Periodontal disease is the inflammation of the periodontium tissues surrounding the teeth, potentially leading to loss of tooth attachment. In individuals with periodontal disease, the presence of Trichomonas tenax, a parasitic protozoan of the oral cavity has been observed and its frequency tends to rise as the disease progresses. Methods: A literature search was conducted in the online databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus using the combination of keywords: "Trichomonas tenax" AND "periodontal disease" OR "gum disease", OR "oral disease" OR "periodontitis". A total of 9 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. Results: This review highlights the incidence of T. tenax with periodontal diseases, the risk factors that contribute to the infection of T. tenax and available detection methods for the identification of the protozoan. Conclusion: The inhabitation of the oral cavity by T. tenax prospers with the severity of periodontal diseases. Extensive research should be conducted to fully understand the potential pathogenic role and damaging effect of T. tenax in the oral cavity.

Oral frailty among dentate and edentate older adults in long-term care.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to compare oral frailty (OFr) among edentate and dentate older adults living in long-term care facilities (LTCF) and to clarify how edentulism and oral disease burden (ODB) of dentate older adults are associated with OFr. METHODS: The population of this study comprised 94 edentate and 209 dentate residents in LTCF in Helsinki, Finland, who had previously participated in a nutritional study. The participants underwent a clinical oral examination. The dentate residents were further divided into three ODB groups based on asymptotic dental score. The edentate and different ODB groups were compared with each other regarding demographics and oral and medical findings. OFr was defined as ≥ 2 of following: having a diet of soft/pureed food, residue of food in the oral cavity, inability to keep the mouth open during examination, unclearness of speech, dry mouth. The association between OFr and edentulousness and various levels of ODB was analyzed by a multivariate logistic model. RESULTS: Participants with low ODB had significantly less OFr than their edentate peers (p = 0.009). Furthermore, the edentate and dentate with high ODB had similar odds for OFr. CONCLUSIONS: Edentulousness and high ODB are equally harmful conditions and may predispose to OFr. This study suggests that maintaining healthy natural teeth and good oral health (low ODB) may protect against OFr. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa approved the protocols for the nutritional status and oral healthcare studies and the merging of the data, including patient medical records (Register number HUS/968/2017).

Chitosan for the treatment of inflammationof the oral mucosa: A systematic review / Chitosán para el tratamiento de la inflamación de la mucosa oral: una revisión sistemática

Background: Chitosan is a cheap, accessible, nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable compound. Also, thispolysaccharide possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Consequently, a wide range of chitosanapplications in the dentistry field has been explored. This work aimed to conduct a systematic review to addressthe clinical efficacy of chitosan for the treatment of oral mucositis.Material and Methods: The design of the included studies were observational studies, randomized clinical trials(RCT), and non-randomized clinical trials (non-RCT), whereas, a series of cases, in vivo, and in vitro studies wereexcluded. The search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source,and ClinicalTrials. Gray literature was searched at Google Scholar. Relevant data from all included studies wererecorded. The risk of bias (using RoB 2) and the quality (using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Devel-opment, and Evaluation, GRADE) assessments were carried out.Results: From the 8413 records screened, 5 clinical trials fully met the eligibility criteria, which comprised a totalof 192 participants suffering oral lesions and pain related to oral mucositis. 100% of the included studies exhibiteda high risk of bias. The quality of the studies was between low and very low.Conclusions: The results of the included studies suggest that chitosan can diminish pain and improve the healingof ulcers in oral mucositis. However, there is no conclusive evidence of chitosan as a superior treatment for oralmucositis compared with other current therapies.(AU)

Research progress on dental materials for preventing root caries / 口腔疾病防治

@#The high incidence and untreated rate of root caries, a common and frequently occurring oral disease with challenging treatment in elderly individuals, is the main cause of tooth loss among elderly people, as rapid development results in pulpitis and periapical periodontitis or residual crown and root, which has been regarded as one of the common chronic oral diseases seriously affecting the quality of life of elderly people. Thus, early intervention and prevention are important. Traditional dental materials for preventing root caries have been widely used in clinical practice; however, they have the disadvantages of tooth coloring, remineralization and low sterilization efficiency. A series of new dental materials for preventing root caries have gradually become a research hotspot recently, which have the advantages of promoting the mineralization of deep dental tissue, prolonging the action time and enhancing adhesion. Future caries prevention materials should be designed according to the characteristics of root surface caries and the application population and should be developed toward simplicity, high efficiency and low toxicity. This review describes current research regarding anti-caries prevention material application, serving as a theoretical underpinning for the research of root caries prevention materials, which is important for both promotion in the effective prevention of root caries and improvement in the status of oral health and the quality of life among old people.

Formulation optimization and evaluation of oromucosal in situ gel loaded with silver nanoparticles prepared by green biosynthesis.

Treating oral diseases remains challenging as API is quickly washed out of the application site by saliva turnover and mouth movements. In situ gels are a class of application forms that present sol-gel transition's ability as a response to stimuli. Their tunable properties are provided using smart polymers responsible for stimuli sensitivity, often providing mucoadhesivity. In this study, antimicrobial in situ gels of thermosensitive and pH-sensitive polymers loaded with silver nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated. The nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis using Agrimonia eupatoria L. extract. According to the data analysis, the in situ gel with the most promising profile contained 15 % of Pluronic® F-127, 0.25 % of methylcellulose, and 0.1 % of Noveon® AA-1. Pluronic® F-127 and methylcellulose significantly increased the viscosity of in situ gels at 37 °C and shear rates similar to speaking and swallowing. At 20 °C, a behavior close to a Newtonian fluid was observed while being easily injectable (injection force 13.455 ±â€¯1.973 N). The viscosity of the formulation increased with temperature and reached 2962.77 ±â€¯63.37 mPa·s (37 °C). A temperature increase led to increased adhesiveness and rigidity of the formulation. The critical sol-gel transition temperature at physiological pH was 32.65 ±â€¯0.35 °C. 96.77 ±â€¯3.26 % of Ag NPs were released by erosion and dissolution of the gel after 40 min. The determination of MIC showed effect against E. coli and S. aureus (0.0625 mM and 0.5000 mM, respectively). The relative inhibition zone diameter of the in situ gel was 73.32 ±â€¯11.06 % compared to gentamicin sulfate. This work discusses the optimization of the formulation of novel antibacterial in situ gel for oromucosal delivery, analyses the impact of the concentration of excipients on the dependent variables, and suggests appropriate evaluation of the formulation in terms of its indication. This study offers a promising dosage form for local treatment of oral diseases.

An Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology: The Impact of Gut Dysbiosis and Oral Disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a severe condition and a significant public health issue worldwide, carrying the burden of an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. The traditional factors that promote the onset and progression of CKD are cardiometabolic risk factors like hypertension and diabetes, but non-traditional contributors are escalating. Moreover, gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and an impaired immune response are emerging as crucial mechanisms in the disease pathology. The gut microbiome and kidney disease exert a reciprocal influence commonly referred to as "the gut-kidney axis" through the induction of metabolic, immunological, and endocrine alterations. Periodontal diseases are strictly involved in the gut-kidney axis for their impact on the gut microbiota composition and for the metabolic and immunological alterations occurring in and reciprocally affecting both conditions. This review aims to provide an overview of the dynamic biological interconnections between oral health status, gut, and renal pathophysiology, spotlighting the dynamic oral-gut-kidney axis and raising whether periodontal diseases and gut microbiota can be disease modifiers in CKD. By doing so, we try to offer new insights into therapeutic strategies that may enhance the clinical trajectory of CKD patients, ultimately advancing our quest for improved patient outcomes and well-being.

A multi-center cross-sectional study of 1495 Chinese oral lichen planus patients.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical epidemiological characteristics of oral lichen planus (OLP) and risk factors for erosive/ulcerative OLP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with OLP from 11 different hospitals were included in the study. Descriptive statistical methods were used to explore the clinical epidemiological characteristics and logistic regression, sensitivity analysis, and subgroup analysis were utilized to explore the risk factors for erosive/ulcerative OLP. RESULTS: The average age of patients was 49.2 ± 13.3 years, and 61.4% of the patients were women. The ratios of patients with reticular, hyperemic/erythematous, and erosive/ulcerative lesions were 47.9%, 27.8%, and 24.2%, respectively. Analysis of risk factors for erosive/ulcerative OLP identified the following variables: age, course of disease of 12 months or more, II°-III° dental calculus, hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, as well as regions of habitation. Subgroup analysis showed significant differences in risk factors for erosive/ulcerative OLP in patients with and without risk behaviors. CONCLUSION: The clinical epidemiological characteristics of patients with OLP in the Chinese population in this study are basically consistent with existing reports in developed countries. And we identified clinical characteristics associated with erosive/ulcerative OLP through clinical epidemiological analysis.

Gender differences in oral health among prisoners: a cross-sectional study from Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of oral diseases among Taiwanese prisoners has rarely been investigated. This study aimed to estimate the gender-specific prevalence of oral disease in a sample of Taiwanese prisoners. METHODS: We included 83,048 participants from the National Health Insurance (NHI) Program. Outcomes were measured using the clinical version of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9-CM). For prevalence, we provide absolute values and percentages. We also performed a χ2 test to assess sex and age group differences in the percentage of disease in the oral cavity, salivary glands, and jaw. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of oral diseases was 25.90%, which was higher than that of the general population. The prevalence of oral diseases in female prisoners was higher than that in male prisoners (p < 0.001), and the prevalence of oral diseases in prisoners aged ≤ 40 was higher than that of prisoners aged > 40. Among all cases of diagnosed oral diseases, the top three diseases were dental hard tissue diseases (13.28%), other cellulitis and abscesses (9.79%), and pruritus and related conditions (2.88%), respectively. The prevalence of various oral diseases in female prisoners was significantly higher than that in male prisoners. CONCLUSION: Oral disease is common among Taiwanese prisoners. Female prisoners had a higher prevalence of oral, salivary gland, and jaw diseases than male prisoners. Therefore, early prevention and appropriate treatment are required and also a need for gender-specific oral disease products given the differences in the prevalence of oral disease among male and female prisoners.

Microenvironment-Regulating Drug Delivery Nanoparticles for Treating and Preventing Typical Biofilm-Induced Oral Diseases.

The oral cavity comprises an environment full of microorganisms. Dysregulation of this microbial-cellular microenvironment will lead to a series of oral diseases, such as implant-associated infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilms and periodontitis initiated by Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis). In this study, a liposome-encapsulated indocyanine green (ICG) and rapamycin drug-delivery nanoparticle (ICG-rapamycin) is designed to treat and prevent two typical biofilm-induced oral diseases by regulating the microbial-cellular microenvironment. ICG-rapamycin elevates the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and temperature levels to facilitate photodynamic and photothermal mechanisms under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation for anti-bacteria. In addition, it prevents biofilm formation by promoting bacterial motility with increasing the ATP levels. The nanoparticles modulate the microbial-cellular interaction to reduce cellular inflammation and enhance bacterial clearance, which includes promoting the M2 polarization of macrophages, upregulating the anti-inflammatory factor TGF-ß, and enhancing the bacterial phagocytosis of macrophages. Based on these findings, ICG-rapamycin is applied to implant-infected and periodontitis animal models to confirm the effects in vivo. This study demonstrates that ICG-rapamycin can treat and prevent biofilm-induced oral diseases by regulating the microbial-cellular microenvironment, thus providing a promising strategy for future clinical applications.

Oral diseases are associated with cognitive function in adults over 60 years old.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the bidirectional association between oral diseases and cognitive function comprehensively. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Oral diseases include periodontitis, dental caries, and tooth loss (end point of oral disease resulting in tooth extraction). Cognitive function included three domains: memory, processing speed, and executive function. A global cognitive score was then derived from sum of the three cognitive domains. Oral cognition associations were examined using various statistical models: (1) Regress oral disease on cognitive function; (2) Regress cognitive function on oral disease; and (3) Structural equation modelling treating cognition and oral disease as latent variables. RESULTS: There were 2508 participants aged 60+ who had both oral and cognitive information. Associations between various oral disease and global cognitive score were observed (Odds ratio ORcog->periodontitis 0.95, 95% Confidence Interval [0.92, 0.99]; ßcog->caries -0.13, [-0.23, -0.04]; ßcog->tooth loss -0.03 [-0.04, -0.01]; ßtooth loss->cog -0.04 [-0.06, -0.02]; ßcaries->cog -0.03 [-0.06, -0.01]; ßperiodontitis->cog -0.39 [-0.69, -0.10]). Significant correlation was also found between these oral disease and cognitive function using structural equation model (r -0.22, [-0.34, -0.10]). CONCLUSIONS: This study found robust bidirectional associations between oral disease and cognitive function using various modelling approaches among the aging population.

Association Between Pre-Transplant Oral Health and Post-Liver Transplant Complications.

Oral disease is linked with systemic inflammation and various systemic conditions, including chronic liver disease. Liver transplantation (LT) candidates often need dental infection focus eradication, and after LT, there is high risk of many inflammation-related complications. We studied whether pre-LT dental status is associated with the occurrence of post-LT complications. This study included 225 adult LT recipients whose teeth were examined and treated before LT, and 40 adult LT recipients who did not have pre-LT dental data available. Data on post-LT complications were collected from the national liver transplant registry and followed up until the end of July 2020. Worse pre-LT dental status was associated with a higher risk of acute rejection post-LT compared to patients with good dental status. Worse dental status was also associated with higher 1-year-post-LT ALT levels and lower albumin levels. In conclusion, poor pre-LT oral health seems to associate with an increased risk of post-LT acute rejection and with elevated ALT levels and decreased albumin levels, suggesting an effect on post-LT liver health. Therefore, prevention and treatment of oral and dental diseases should be promoted early in the course of liver disease.

[Integrating risks for oral diseases into Structured Information Collection: A practice development project]. / Integration pflegerelevanter Risiken für Munderkrankungen in die Strukturierte Informationssammlung.

Integrating risks for oral diseases into Structured Information Collection: A practice development project Abstract. Background: Deficient oral hygiene and oral diseases are highly prevalent among nursing staff. Up to now, there is no assessment for nursing professionals integrated in the daily nursing routine, which depicts the complex risks for oral diseases. The Structured Information Collection (SIS) is a concept to guide the nursing process and enables individual action planning. Aim: The aim was to integrate oral diseases as a nursing-relevant risk into the SIS and to develop an assessment instrument for oral hygiene deficits/diseases integrated into the SIS topic areas. Methods: Based on a literature search, 21 systematic reviews describing SIS topic areas and oral health risks were analysed by a panel of experts. The caregiver-relevant oral health risks identified in this way were compared with existing oral health assessment instruments and with screening criteria recommended in the German national expert standard for the promotion of oral health in care. Since none of the oral health assessments covers all nursing-relevant oral health risks and the recommended screening criteria of the expert standard, the area of "oral diseases" was integrated into the SIS as an additional category, and an oral health assessment adapted to the SIS was developed. Results: This article presents the SIS expanded to include nursing-relevant oral disease risk and the newly developed Oral Risk Assessment Prevention (Mu-RAP) for use by nurses. Conclusions: The SIS expanded to include oral disease and the Mu-RAP for identifying oral hygiene deficits/diseases cover all nursing-relevant oral health risks. Further studies on the applicability, reliability, and validity of the instrument, as well as on care-effective and patient-relevant effects of its use are needed.